Its said that most the Horsepower gains are all in the head. There are several cylinder head modifications techniques targeted at different functions of the head that increase horsepower and torque. Very good reference atricle on Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_head_porting The different functions fall into a few categories, each with its own modification techniques :
Air flow:
Increase Rotational capacity:
Increase combustion efficiently:
When the compression is increased combustion chamber turbulence increases and with increased turbulence quicker and more efficient combustion occurs. Picture of proper high performance valve Job and port and polish on a 87 GTI hydro 8v head, Installed on a Rabbit GTI with a fresh rebuilt 1.8 JH bock. Work performed on this head:
Test Flow Data: Higher Numbers indicate more restriction, and less flow. Lower numbers indicate less restriction and more flow.
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